《超越学科的认知基础》第5组

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逻辑模型

File:1111111111111.pptx 400px File:超越学科的认知基础.pptx File:科学哲学、证伪及范畴伦.pptx


小组成员

孙一乔唐瑞祥卢喜

背景

  1. 课程作业要求
  2. 科学哲学是一门兴起于近现代的交叉学科,小组成员都是理工科背景,很可能投身于科研的人,必然会对科学的本质产生去求知探索。
  3. 其中小组一致对波普尔的批判理性证伪主义产生了较大的兴趣。

目的

  1. 了解科学哲学的结构体系,探索科学到底是什么。
  2. 学习波普尔的批判理性主义,并运用交叉学科的思想,探索其主义在各学科之前的普适性。

输入

  1. 上课时间的学习讨论
  2. 小组成员之间的讨论
  3. 阅读相关书籍
  4. 查阅数据库

活动

  1. 小组讨论
  2. 上课讨论
  3. Wiki词条创建
  4. 书籍阅读讨论

预期效果

  1. 组员初步了解科学哲学的概念、波普尔批判主义相关知识
  2. 组员运用其主义到自己的研究领域进行普适性探索
  3. 组员对中英文献、书籍阅读能力有所提升

输出

  1. 学期末小组总结报告
  2. 小组成员每周学习报告
  3. 相关词条创建

外部因素

  1. 新型授课方式
  2. 学生的接受度较差,一名学员因为个人原因已经放弃了此门课程。

过程

第三周

  1. 讨论确定方向
  2. 通过各方咨询确定参考书目
  3. 选取顾老师给的必读参考书目
本周小结

读书任务:,《我们赖以生存的隐喻》、《Code V2.0》宁志禹《How to bake π》《metaphors we live by》《科学哲学》牛津通试读本

第四周

  1. 确定阅读文献
  2. 在上次课的讨论中,我们决定先对科学哲学有一个总概性的研究,并对其中的几个分支进行学习。

第一次小组作业

关键词

学习,科学哲学,科学

正文

How to Read a Book

“How to read a book” was written by author Mortimer J. Adler and Charles Van Doren. The book wants to tell readers the art of reading and gives many useful skills. So whether you are keen on reading, or you just don’t know how to read. This book can broaden your horizon.

theme

So let’s talk something about the theme. In this book, the author think there are four levels of reading. Different level needs entirely different reading skills. The first level is Elementary Reading. In this level, the question asked of reader is “what does the sentence say?” So you need to know every word meaning. People who read foreign books may face some problems. The second level call inspectional reading. People in this level need to get the most out of the book within a certain time. The third level of reading is called Analytical reading. Actually analytical reading is the best and most complete reading that is given unlimited time. Comparative reading is the forth level also the highest level. If you want to get to this level, primarily you need to read lots of books, and you need to construct an analysis of the subject that may not be in any of the book.

concrete skill

Next author give some concrete skill. First, reading with questions. Before reading a book, you have to ask yourself some questions. Especially when you are reading an academic book. For example before I read physics book, I will ask myself what the problem I face, what math tool may help me to solve the problem. Second, skimming reading. It means you need to read the book very fast and figure out the gist of the book, then decide whether it is worth reading again. Third, taking notes. Taking notes is very useful way to analyze the structure of the book. Also it can strengthen our understanding. Forth, mass reading. If you are really interested in one field, you have to read books in this field as many as possible. Fifth and the last, criticizing a book fairly , the world “fairly” means there need solid reason to approve or reject a book,or don’t evaluate easily.

specific materials

Then author uses seven chapters to show how to read specific materials. For instance practical books, imaginative literature, stories, plays, and poems. And I think some conceptions are creative and can our attract eyeballs.In author’s opinion mathematics is a special language, and it is almost wholly a written language. Since mathematics is a language, it has its own vocabulary, grammar, and syntax. And those have to be learned by beginning reader, from elementary reading to comparative reading. Any language is a medium of communication. And math makes you communicate with electrical circuit, an isosceles triangle, or a syllogism. This fantastic explanation gives me a new angle of view to understand what math actually is. And I really love this explain.

something connect with our class

“Every branch of physical science,"worte Lavoisier,“must consist of the things:the series of facts which are the objects of the science,the ideas which represent these facts,and the words by which these facts are expressed...And,as idea are preserved and communicated by means of words,it necessarily follows that we cannot improve the language of any science without at the same time improving the language or nomenclature which belongs to it。"

科学哲学的起源探讨

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总结:可以看出,科学哲学的起源,关键词在于:逻辑,归纳+演绎。

  1. 科学哲学研究的是科学的本质。
  2. 关于科学的哲学理论;具有科学性质的哲学。

科学哲学的概念和概览性学习

“科学哲学”在英语中可以有两种表达方式:philosophy of science和scientific philosophy。虽然它们在汉语中都可以译作“科学哲学”,不过还是有区别的。前者指的是“关于科学的哲学理论”,后者所说的则是“具有科学性质的哲学”,所以亦译作“科学的哲学”。一般所讨论的是“科学哲学”,即关于科学的哲学理论,而不是“科学的哲学”。所谓“科学哲学”是哲学对科学这一现象的研究或反思,这里所说的“科学”指的当然是自然科学。

*研究内容

科学哲学研究的是科学的本质、科学的合理性、科学的研究活动、科学方法论、科学认识论、科学的逻辑结构、科学发展的规律等等。因而它与哲学的许多学科例如形而上学、认识论和逻辑学有着密切的关系。传统的科学哲学是形而上学的一部分,而现代科学哲学则是从反形而上学起家的,它在20世纪的第一个系统形态就是逻辑实证主义。

*主要流派

兴起时间 代表人物 主要观点
逻辑经验主义 20世纪20年代 石里克卡尔纳普亨普尔、赖辛巴赫 逻辑经验主义以可证实性原则作为意义标准来排除形而上学,把科学哲学归结为以数理逻辑的方法对科学理论的结构作静态的逻辑分析,并致力于逻辑重建
批判理性主义 20世纪40年代后 波普拉卡托斯沃金斯(J.Watkins) 反对建立在归纳主义方法论基础上的可证实性原则,代之以可证伪性原则,提出以知识增长的动态模式为研究中心,认为科学进步的主要机制是批判,但仍致力于追求普遍有效的方法论原则。
历史主义 20世纪50年代末60年代初 汉森Th.库恩费耶阿本德和图尔明 揭露了逻辑经验主义的根本缺陷。认为它严格区分发现的范围和辩护的范围,单纯研究科学活动的成果——科学理论,置科学活动的研究于不顾,不符合科学的历史和实际。批判理性主义以可证伪性为分界标准,完全否认归纳的作用,并提倡不断革命,否认了科学传统及发展中的连续性等,也难以与科学实际相一致。
科学实在论 夏皮尔普特南克里普克W.塞拉斯邦格 科学哲学发展中反实证主义趋向使逻辑实证主义自身的演变日益远离实证主义传统,使作为实证主义对立面之一的实在论再次成为争论的热点。
系统哲学 贝塔朗菲欧文·拉兹洛曾邦哲(中) 美籍奥地利生物学家贝塔朗菲提出一般系统论、系统科学与系统哲学等体系,布达佩斯俱乐部的创始人欧文·拉兹洛提出广义进化理论发展了系统哲学,中科院曾邦哲阐述结构论并提出系统遗传学、系统医学与系统生物工程等学科概念、原理与方法。

参考书目

《科学哲学》/(英)奥卡沙著

《科学发现的逻辑》作者: 卡尔·波普尔 出版社: 中国美术学院出版社

《波普尔证伪主义方法论与决策科学》 刘军大

《证伪原则:波普尔科学哲学的精华》 杨易

《How to read a book》

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