Metaphors we live by

关键词

ontological metaphor,structural metaphor,metonomy,homonym,gestalt

介绍

本书是超越学科认知基础的必读文选之一。比喻,(metaphor)是一个底层的认知基础。在使用语言的习惯中，比喻可以改变我们认知世界的结构，选择了不同的比喻，甚至可以直接影响到现实的后果。所以，我们选了这一本书来帮助同学了解，除了像Thomas Kuhn这类的科学哲学家，提到的in-commensurability, 语言学的知识体系，就是专门处理commensurability的相关问题。提供一个超越学科的分析系统。

其中在该书的27章，219页开始，提到了structural metaphor与ontological metaphor直接的差别。我建议同学们仔细阅读这一个章节。

自256页开始，作者又提出： “The division of metaphors into three types—orientational, ontological, and structural— was artificial. All metaphors are structural (in that they map structures to structures); all are ontological (in that they create target do-main entities); and many are orientational (in that they map orientational image-schemas).”

应用

作者提到，Conceptual Metaphor 已经被用到了： poetry, law, politics, psychology, physics, computer science, mathematics, and philosophy. 等领域。

Metaphor as Imaginative Rationality

从该书作者的视角来看，metaphor是一种imaginative rationality。p.193, p. 235。

Conceptual Metaphor and Mathematical Mapping

请见p.253的讨论，以及Lakoff的另一本著作：Where Mathematics comes from。

Tools and Data Mapping

As the following website advertises its capabilities:

jMapper is a library made in Java that allows you to automatically detect metaphors/analogies between two domains (ontologies).

Please check it out for yourselves. [1]