《超越学科的认知基础》2015秋张世超学习报告

preface

key word

cognition,crossing discipline

content

Before the report ,I'd like to share my own ideas of this curriculum, maybe sounding naïve and not quite mature.Casting a quick look at this course, I think it an amazing adventure in the realm of unknowing. It's the banquette serving the bread and butter of cognition. Furthermore, this course provides multiple ways to analyze a problem and ultimately seeks for the outlet with the help of collaboration between various subjects.Shamefully speaking, in my childhood, I once held a dream to be a scientist. I was quite interested about quantum mechanism,astrophysics and A.I. And like many other children, indulging in the pondering on parallel universe, aliens and other mysterious questions, my curiosity about the world unleashed.Pitifully, I failed to step onto the road of science. But my childhood dream still stirs in my chest, as soon as I saw the word" quantum mechanism" in the syllabus. Maybe the dream will go on and actually the course never disappoints me. It's challenging and strokes at the frontier of modern science.Another hit is the method of doing a project. I do make a plan, but I never tried the logic chain to make the task organized. And that really works and improves the efficiency .Several years ago when I was the last year student in junior school, I read a journal about the dilemma of modern science. The author once put it that as the cognition of human-being had come to the level of quantum, it would become tougher and tougher to demonstrate the theory of ultimatum, such as the string theory.(It was estimated that only when a particle collider as large as the solar system were to be built, would this theory be proved.) The basic subjects ,for instance, physics, would be confronted with bottleneck.However, I am not so pessimistic about the outlook. Chances are that by way of interdicipline, we can find out the outlet and in the end embrace the bright future. That's the reason why I choose this course.

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citation Astrophysics[1] Particle collider[2] String theory[3]

第二周

Tittle

Science Based On Structure

Background

1. Last Wednesday, we've preliminarily learned some basic notion and theory of quantum mechanics from Dr.Han.
2. Read the documents and references presented.
3. Improve the usage of some edit tools and teambition.

Ambition

1. Cast a profound look at quantum mechanics.
2. Hone the skills of learning a new unfamiliar subject.
3. Try to find the link between Law and quantum mechanics.

input

1. Documents given.
2. group learning.
3. class learning.
4. assistance of the studying tools.

output

report

The central characteristic of scientific revolution

The scientific revolution is a leap which shocks the holistic paradigm of science to the core by way of update the language itself indicating the distortion or violation of the intrinsic nature of a notion etc. That is to say, by altering the language describing the nature to get rid of the previous outmoded paradigm, an accurate scientific system as consequence will be establish and will stimulate a new way to think, even invert the view of the world. For instance, Planck switched “element” and“resonator” to “quantum” and “oscillator”. The same is true for the wave-particle duality, as Dr. Han professed last class, “ Photon, technically speaking, is not merely wave ,and it also can’t be arbitrarily defined as particle. Exactly , the accuratest expression should be quantum. In this case, we can perceive the significance of language, behind which is the total difference between Newtonian physics and quantum mechanics. That’s why Kuhn mentioned in his book, that “Violation or distortion of previously unproblematic scientific language is a touchstone for revolutionary change.”

Translation

Translation is a process that the translator substitutes words or sentences to other words or sentences in other linguistic system, both of which parallel system are equivalent to each other. The prerequisite for translator is a good command of at least two different languages.

Radical translator

A terminology invented by Quine .Kuhn thought it is actually a interpretator..

Interpretation

Unlike translation, interpretation hasn’t that demanding language skill as a premise. However, a interpreter has to observe the contextual behavior and the circumstances in the text, and then he has to make assumptions according to the sense of behaviors, ambience and circumstances, so as to create a new language. Because some words in older language are identical to the modern ones but some are newly-born or relearned, that makes interpretation become possible and necessary.

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citation

1. File:霍姆斯：法律的道路.docx
2. File:法学上之发现.docx
3. 《Road since structure》 Thomas Kuhn

第三周

词汇对照表

经济学与法学词汇对照表
项目	地理重心	词汇	法学	经济学
学科定义			研究法、法的现象以及法的专门问题的一门学科。	研究人类行为的学科，这里的人类行为是指目的和稀缺手段之间的关系，两者可以替换使用。（莱昂内尔·罗宾斯）
研究对象			法、法的现象以及法的专门问题	人类行为，即目的和稀缺手段之间的关系
发展脉络
古希腊时代	古希腊	古代意义上的理性原则	等级观念的法治社会，自上而下分为哲人王（守卫者）、士兵和普通人民。法律是维持不同阶层各司其职的纽带。	关注社会的有效组织，效率和生产中的人的因素有关系。他关注到了贸易，但是市场的范围极为有限，因为柏拉图是小国寡民的拥趸
	古希腊	公正观念	公正法治观念的滥觞，后世为罗尔斯所继承，逐渐演化出实质正义、程序正义的观念。	公平的交易观念，自愿的交易必须公平，发现三种公平观念与几何平均数、算数平均数和调和平均数的关系，应用于交易中。
	古罗马	犬儒主义、斯多葛派	崇尚自然法，认为人类的法律和制度都可以由自然法加以判断	把需求降低到最低的程度，这样才可以摆脱欲望。所有权观念，有限公司，契约观念等经济思想涌现
旧约时期	古罗马帝国	圣经思想	法律与宗教紧密相连	人类被看做管家，负责将上帝委托之物物尽其用。工作是人类所作神圣计划的一部分。
伊斯兰时期	穆斯林统治下的波斯帝国、阿拉伯、西班牙和北非	古兰经及阿威罗伊	法律的发展仍然以保障有秩序地发挥功用为主	阿威罗伊打破了亚里士多德关于统治者依其意志意愿而改变货币价值的观点
中世纪	欧洲	经院主义	法律仍然以注重道德的自然法为主流。借贷的法律概念出现，直接导致货币不增值思想的产生	以博洛尼亚大学、巴黎大学、牛津大学为中心，诞生了经院派经济学，关注道德。托马斯·阿奎那提出私人财产思想
文艺复兴时期	欧洲	现代意义上的理性主义	法学仍未专门化，而是和神学、伦理学、宗教学等紧密结合，但是由于民族国家的出现，不同的国家理论开始在法律思想中产生	不再利润的道德性质，而将追求利润视为理所当然
启蒙运动时期	欧洲	自由主义	现代意义上的西方法治观念起航	亚当斯密的国富论，认为市场由看不见的手来调节
后启蒙运动时期（18世纪末-19世纪中叶）	欧洲	功利主义及马克思主义	边沁提出功利主义的法律思想，即“效用原则”构成社会的个人实现最大幸福，是判断政府行为的标准。马克思主义法学兴起	大卫·李嘉图在《政治经济学及赋税原理》中构架了一个体系，其三大支柱分别为亚当斯密的资本积累与增长关系的观点，马尔萨斯的人口理论和级差地租论。库尔诺采用图表解释竞争性市场上的供求关系。政治经济学剩余价值学说产生
19世纪末-20世纪初	欧洲	学科职业化	法学逐渐向现代学科发展	数理经济学初露端倪。阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔融汇进化论的观念，把持续的、渐进的经济学原理当做经济学的典型特征
	美国		随着司法制度的完善，法官法的传统逐渐形成，涌现了一批杰出的法官	经济学领域数学方法得到了更为广泛的应用。康芒斯发展了独特的制度经济学理论框架
19世纪末-20世纪中叶	欧美	交叉学科倾向	法学与社会学、心理学等学科的研究方法相融合，出现了心理法学、社会法学等交叉法学学科	以数学模型为基本构架的宏观经济学得到蓬勃发展，凯恩斯主义出现
20世纪中叶至今	欧美主导地位受到新兴的亚太地区冲击	法学多元化	经济学数学化