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− | = 索引 = | + | =索引子系统= |
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− | *索引(Index)
| + | 索引子系统(Index-subsystem)是[[大数据系统]]的核心组件(Component)。 |
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− | 索引是加快查找的数据结构(Data Structure)。用于索引功能的数据结构有哈希表(Hash Table)、树(Tree)、整数数组/链表(Integer Array/Linked List)和位图(Bitmap)。
| + | NoSQL引擎主要组件是索引,或者是面向特定应用的索引结构。 |
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− | 可参考《数据结构》教科书中的搜索(Search)的章节。
| + | "NoSQL engines are (basically) just indexes!" |
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− | * 教科书:
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− | # Thomas H. Cormen, Introduction to algorithms, third edition, MIT press, 2009.
| + | 参见[[索引]] |
− | # Eva Tardos and Jon Kleinberg, Algorithm Design, Pearson, 2006.
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− | | + | |
− | =索引的形式=
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− | 索引的数据结构包括哈希表(Hash Table)、树(Tree)、整数数组/链表(Integer Array/ Linked List)和位图(Bitmap)。
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− | | + | |
− | == 哈希表(Hash Table) ==
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− | | + | |
− | *[http://billmill.org/bloomfilter-tutorial BloomFilter]
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− | *[https://github.com/magnuss/java-bloomfilter Java-Bloomfilter]
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− | *[https://github.com/lemire/bloofi Bloofi]
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− | | + | |
− | **研究论文:
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− | | + | |
− | # B. H. Bloom,Space/time trade-offs in hash coding with allowable errors, Commun. ACM, Volume 13 Issue 7, Pages 422-426, July 1970.
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− | # Crainiceanu, Adina, and Daniel Lemire. "Bloofi: Multidimensional Bloom Filters." Information Systems 54 (2015): 311-324.
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− | | + | |
− | == 树(Tree) ==
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− | | + | |
− | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-tree B-tree]
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− | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-d_tree ''k''-d tree]
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− | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-tree R-tree]
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− | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%2B_tree R+ tree]
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− | | + | |
− | | + | |
− | **研究论文:
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− | | + | |
− | # Guttman, Antonin. R-trees: a dynamic index structure for spatial searching. Vol. 14, no. 2. ACM, 1984.
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− | # Sellis, Timos, Nick Roussopoulos, and Christos Faloutsos. "The R+-Tree: A Dynamic Index for Multi-Dimensional Objects." VLDB, 1987.
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− | | + | |
− | == 整数数组/链表(Integer Array/List) ==
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− | Verbatim Integer List 带来的空间开销,人们发明了Integer List Compression机制,尤其是compressing 32-bit unsigned integers。
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− | | + | |
− | * BP128 (Binary packing ) / SIMDBP128 /
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− | | + | |
− | * [https://github.com/lemire/FastPFor FastPFor]
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− | | + | |
− | * FOR (Frame of reference) / PFOR (Patched Frame of reference) / PFOR Delta (PFOR on deltas) / NewPforDelta /SIMDPforDelta
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− | | + | |
− | * Simple16 / Simple8b
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− | * VByte(or VB ) / VarIntGB(or GroupVB ) / StreamVByte /MaskedVByte [http://maskedvbyte.org/ SIMD-accelerated VByte] / [https://github.com/lemire/MaskedVByte MaskedVByte]
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− | * PEF (Partitioned Elias-Fano) [http://github.com/ot/partitioned_elias_fano Partitioned Elias-Fano]
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− | * Data Structures for Inverted Indexes ([https://github.com/ot/ds2i ds2i])
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− | | + | |
− | | + | |
− | **研究论文:
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− | | + | |
− | # Daniel Lemire and Christoph Rupp. Upscaledb: Efficient Integer-Key Compression in a Key-Value Store using SIMD Instructions. Information Systems, 2017.
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− | # D. Lemire, L. Boytsov, N. Kurz, SIMD compression and the intersection of sorted integers, Softw. Pract. Exp. 46 (6) (2016) 723–749.
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− | # Jeff Plaisance, Nathan Kurz, and Daniel Lemire. "Vectorized vbyte decoding." CoRR, abs/1503.07387, 2015.
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− | # Jeff Plaisance, Nathan Kurz, Daniel Lemire, Vectorized VByte Decoding, International Symposium on Web Algorithms 2015, 2015.
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− | # D. Lemire and L. Boytsov. Decoding billions of integers per second through vectorization. Softw. Pract. Exp. 45 (1) (2015) 1–29.
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− | # Inoue, Hiroshi, Moriyoshi Ohara, and Kenjiro Taura, Faster Set Intersection with SIMD instructions by Reducing Branch Mispredictions, VLDB 2014.
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− | # Kane, Andrew, and Frank Wm Tompa, Skewed Partial Bitvectors for List Intersection, SIGIR 2014.
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− | # Schlegel, Benjamin, Thomas Willhalm, and Wolfgang Lehner. Fast Sorted-Set Intersection using SIMD Instructions, ADMS 2011.
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− | # Zukowski, Marcin, Sandor Heman, Niels Nes, and Peter Boncz. "Super-scalar RAM-CPU cache compression." ICDE 2006.
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− | | + | |
− | == 位图(Bitmap) ==
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− | | + | |
− | ===Bit array ===
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− | | + | |
− | A bit array (also known as bit map , bit set, bit string, or bit vector) is an array data structure that compactly stores bits. It can be used to implement a simple set data structure.
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− | | + | |
− | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_array
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− | | + | |
− | * Population / Hamming weight
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− | | + | |
− | * Find first set (ffs) or Find first one
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− | | + | |
− | * Inversion
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− | | + | |
− | **研究论文:
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− | | + | |
− | # Matthias Vallentin, Vern Paxson, and Robin Sommer. "VAST: a unified platform for interactive network forensics." NSDI 2016.
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− | # Gonzalo Navarro and Eliana Providel. “Fast, Small, Simple Rank/Select on Bitmaps.” SEA 2013.
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− | | + | |
− | ===位图压缩===
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− | | + | |
− | Verbatim Bitmap 带来的空间开销,尤其是bitmap很稀疏的情况下。为此,人们发明了Bitmap Compression机制。不仅可以降低空间开销,而且可以显著加快运算速度。
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− | **可运算的位图压缩方法
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− | | + | |
− | * BBC (Byte-aligned Bitmap Compression)
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− | | + | |
− | * WAH (Word Aligned Hybrid)
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− | | + | |
− | * PLWAH (Position List Word-Aligned Hybrid)
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− | * EWAH (Enhanced Word-Aligned Hybrid )
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− | | + | |
− | * CONCISE (COmpressed N Composable Integer SEt)
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− | * PWAH (Partitioned Word-Aligned Hybrid)
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− | * COMPAX (COMPressed Adaptive indeX )
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− | | + | |
− | * SBH (Super byte-aligned hybrid)
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− | ** 研究论文
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− | | + | |
− | [1] Antoshekov G. Byte-aligned bitmap compression. Proc of the Conf on Data Compression. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 1994: 363- 098, 1994.
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− | [2] Wu, Kesheng, Ekow J. Otoo, and Arie Shoshani. "Compressing bitmap indexes for faster search operations." In Scientific and Statistical Database Management, 2002. Proceedings. 14th International Conference on, pp. 99-108. IEEE, 2002.
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− | [3] Wu, K., Otoo, E. J., and Shoshani, A. Optimizing bitmap indices with efficient compression. ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS), 31(1), 1-38, 2006.
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− | [4] Stabno, Michał, and Robert Wrembel. "RLH: Bitmap compression technique based on run-length and Huffman encoding." Information Systems 34, no. 4, pp.400-414, 2009.
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− | [5] F. Fusco, M. P. Stoecklin, and M. Vlachos, “Net-fli: on-the-fly compression, archiving and indexing of streaming network traffic,” Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, vol. 3, no. 1-2, pp. 1382–1393, 2010.
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− | [6] F. Deli`ege, T. B. Pedersen. Position list word aligned hybrid: optimizing space and performance for compressed bitmaps. In Proceeding of the 13th International Conference on Extending Database Technology, 2010.
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− | [7] F. Corrales, D. Chiu, and J. Sawin, “Variable Length Compression for Bitmap Indexes,” DEXA’11, Springer-Verlag, pp.381-395, 2011.
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− | [8] D. Lemire et al., “Sorting improves word-aligned bitmap indexes,” Data & Knowledge Engineering, 69(1), pp.3-28, 2010.
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− | [9] S. J. van Schaik et al., “A memory efficient reachability data structure through bit vector compression,” SIGMOD, pp.913-924, 2011.
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− | [10] S. Chambi, D. Lemire, O. Kaser, and R. Godin, “Better bitmap performance with roaring bitmaps,” Software: Practice and Experience, 2015.
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− | [11] A. Schmidt, D. Kimmig, and M. Beine, “DFWAH: A Proposal of a New Compression Scheme of Medium-Sparse Bitmaps,” in the Third International Conference on Advances in Databases, Knowledge, and Data Applications (DBKDA 2011), pp. 192-195.
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− | [12] R. Slechta, J. Sawin, B. McCamish, D. Chiu and G. Canahuate, A tunable compression framework for bitmap indices, In Data Engineering (ICDE’ 2014), pp. 484-495. IEEE.
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− | **研究专利
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− | [1] BBC, Byte aligned data compression, DEC/Oracle, http://www.google.com/patents/US5363098.
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− | [2] WAH, Word aligned bitmap compression method, data structure, and apparatus, UC Berkeley, http://www.google.com/patents/US6831575.
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− | [3] COMPAX, Network analysis, IBM, http://www.google.com/patents/US20120054160.
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− | [4] PLWAH, Algorhyme, http://www.google.com/patents/US9236881.
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− | | + | |
− | == 混合结构(Hybrid) ==
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− | 融合几种独立结构的混合结构。
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− | | + | |
− | === Roaring ===
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− | | + | |
− | * Roaring Bitmap
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− | | + | |
− | Roaring Bitmap 是一种为索引(Indexes)的运算(与,或,非)而优化的混合数据结构。
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− | | + | |
− | Roaring 数据结构内部采用位图Bitmap,整数数组Arrays和游程编码Runs的表示形式,三种表示形式是平等的。当数据以其中某种表示结构的表示时,整体空间为最优,Roaring则采用该表示结构。也就是说,Roaring采用空间最优化的数据表示结构。
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− | | + | |
− | Roaring表示的索引之间可以进行高效的运算。运算时,无非也是位图Bitmap,整数数组Arrays和游程编码Runs这三种结构之间的运算。
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− | 所有,Roaring是兼顾空间与时间效率的一种有效的索引结构。
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− | Roaring网址:http://roaringbitmap.org/
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− | | + | |
− | Roaring的Java实现 [https://github.com/RoaringBitmap/RoaringBitmap Java-Roaring]
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− | | + | |
− | Roaring的C/C++实现 [https://github.com/RoaringBitmap/CRoaring CRoaring]
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− | * Roaring 研究论文:
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− | # Lemire, Daniel, Gregory Ssi‐Yan‐Kai, and Owen Kaser. "Consistently faster and smaller compressed bitmaps with Roaring." Software: Practice and Experience 46.11 (2016): 1547-1569.
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− | # Samy Chambi, Daniel Lemire, Owen Kaser, and Robert Godin. "Better bitmap performance with Roaring bitmaps." Software: practice and experience, 2015.
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− | ===其它混合结构===
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− | | + | |
− | # Athanassoulis, Manos, and Anastasia Ailamaki. "BF-tree: approximate tree indexing." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 7, no. 14 (2014): 1881-1892.
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− | # Lakshminarasimhan, Sriram, et al. "Scalable in situ scientific data encoding for analytical query processing." HPDC 2013.
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− | **研究论文:
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− | #Juha Kärkkäinen, Dominik Kempa, Simon J. Puglisi. Hybrid Compression of Bitvectors for the FM-Index. In Proc. 2014 Data Compression Conference (DCC 2014), pp. 302-311, 2014.
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− | #Gagie, Travis, Gonzalo Navarro, and Simon J. Puglisi. 2012. “New algorithms on wavelet trees and applications to information retrieval.” Theoretical Computer Science 426: 25–41.
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− | == 其它结构(Others) ==
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− | === SDSL - Succinct Data Structure Library ===
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− | *[https://github.com/simongog/sdsl-lite Succinct Data Structure Library]
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− | *[https://github.com/simongog/sdsl-lite/wiki/List-of-Implemented-Data-Structures List of Implemented Data Structures]
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− | ** Bitvectors supporting Rank and Select
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− | ** Integer Vectors
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− | ** Wavelet Trees
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− | ** Compressed Suffix Arrays (CSA)
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− | ** Balanced Parentheses Representations
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− | ** Longest Common Prefix (LCP) Arrays
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− | ** Compressed Suffix Trees (CST)
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− | ** Range Minimum/Maximum Query (RMQ) Structures
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− | =索引(大数据)=
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− | 大数据系统的数据管理,采用位图索引、树索引等。位图索引在数据库、版本控制系统都有应用。
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− | ==Git软件的对象计数问题==
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− | 对象计数问题(counting objects)是git软件进行git clone时,需要实时计算出需要克隆的对象总数。
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− | Git的对象(object)就是文件,包括快照对象(Commit),目录对象(Directory)和文件对象(File)。
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− | "对象计数"就是清点各种commit、目录、文件等。git clone和git fetch操作都需要清点对象,因为需要知道,到底下载哪些对象文件。
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− | 对象计数的原始算法如下。
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− | #列出本地所有分支最新的一个commit
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− | #列出远程所有分支最新的一个commit
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− | #两者进行比较,只要有不同,就意味着分支发生变动
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− | #每一个发生变动的commit,都清点其中具体变动的子目录和文件
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− | #追溯到当前commit的父节点,重复第四步,直至本地与远程的历史一致为止
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− | #加总所有需要变动的对象
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− | ==对象技术的位图索引方法==
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− | Git软件为为每一个commit生成一个二进制值,即Bitmap索引。
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− | 打开本地目录:.git/objects/pack/,其中是一个索引文件和一个数据文件,它们就是Bitmap。这两个文件索引了当前代码库的所有对象,然后使用一个二进制值代表这些对象。有多少个对象,这个二进制值就有多少位。它的第n位,就代表数据文件里面的第n个对象。
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− | 每个commit都会有一个对应的二进制值,表示当前快照包含的所有对象。这些对象对应的二进制位都为1,其他二进制位都为0。
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− | | + | |
− | 采用位图索引的优点是:
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− | #不用读取commit对象,只要读取这个二进制值,就会知道当前commit包含了哪些节点。
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− | #两个二进制值只要做一次XOR运算,就会知道哪些位(即哪些对象)发生了变动。
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− | #新的对象总是添加到现有二进制位的后面,所以只要读取多出来的那些位,就知道当前commit比上一次commit多出了哪些对象。
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− | 因为采用位图索引,"清点对象"就变成了位图的二进制值的比较运算和计数运算,因此速度极快。
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− | ==参考链接==
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− | http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2015/09/git-bitmap.html
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− | https://github.com/gitster/git/commit/fff4275
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− | https://github.com/gitster/git/blob/master/Documentation/technical/bitmap-format.txt
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− | = 索引(搜索引擎) =
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− | | + | |
− | 搜索引擎(Search Engine)是一种典型的大数据系统,是实现信息检索(Information Retrieval)的软件。
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− | 经典的搜索引擎主要是针对爬取的网页文本的检索。 一个网页文本或文档,是由许多的单词组成的。其中每个单词可以在同一个文档中重复出现很多次,同一个单词也可以出现在不同的文档中。
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− | ==反向索引(Inverted Index)的原理==
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− | | + | |
− | 为了实现快速的搜索响应,搜索引擎采用反向索引(Inverted Index)的数据结构。反向索引在信息检索中发挥重要作用。这里介绍一下前向索引(forward index)和反向索引(Inverted Index)的概念。
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− | 前向索引(forward index):从文档角度看其中的单词,表示每个文档(用文档ID标识)都含有哪些单词,以及每个单词出现了多少次(词频)及其出现位置(相对于文档首部的偏移量)。
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− | 反向索引(inverted index 或inverted files):从单词角度看文档,标识每个单词分别在那些文档中出现(文档ID),以及在各自的文档中每个单词分别出现了多少次(词频)及其出现位置(相对于该文档首部的偏移量)。
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− | <big>直观表示</big>:
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− | 前向索引(一对多映射):文档 ---> 单词
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− |
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− | 反向索引(一对多映射):单词 ---> 文档
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− | 前向索引,又称为正排索引;反向索引,又称为倒排索引。但是正排和倒排索引的称谓,会造成误解。
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− | ==反向索引(Inverted Index)的实现==
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− | 反向索引的功能是将关键字(keyword)映射到文档(document)。
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− | 在反向索引中,每个关键词对应一个反向链表(Inverted List),记录了该关键词出现的所有文档的编号。
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− | 反向索引在实际实现中,可以采用位图(Bitmap)与整数数组/链表(Integer Array/List)两种结构形式。
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− | **研究论文:
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− | # Giuseppe Ottaviano, Nicola Tonellotto, Rossano Venturini, Optimal Space-Time Tradeoffs for Inverted Indexes, ACM WSDM 2015.
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− | ==反向索引(Inverted Index)的运算==
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− | 反向索引上的最重要的运算是集合交(Conjunction),并(Disjunction)和非(Negation)。
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− | 反向索引上的交,并和非运算,对应的整数链表的实现,其操作是Intersection/Unions操作,对应位图的实现,其操作运算则是比特AND,OR,NOT操作。
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− | **研究论文:
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− | # Culpepper, J. Shane, and Alistair Moffat. "Efficient set intersection for inverted indexing." ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), 2010.
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− | ==反向索引的参考实现==
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− | [https://lucene.apache.org/core/ Lucene]
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− | [https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Whoosh Whoosh]
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− | [http://www.opensearchserver.com OpenSearchServer]
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− | =大数据系统-科研=
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− | [[大数据系统-科研]]
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