查看“Metaphors we live by”的源代码

=关键词=
[[ontological metaphor]],[[structural metaphor]],[[metonomy]],[[homonym]],[[gestalt]]

=介绍=
本书是超越学科认知基础的必读文选之一。比喻,([[metaphor]])是一个底层的认知基础。在使用语言的习惯中，比喻可以改变我们认知世界的结构，选择了不同的比喻，甚至可以直接影响到现实的后果。所以，我们选了这一本书来帮助同学了解，除了像[[Thomas Kuhn]]这类的科学哲学家，提到的[[in-commensurability]], 语言学的知识体系，就是专门处理[[commensurability]]的相关问题。提供一个超越学科的分析系统。

其中在该书的27章，219页开始，提到了[[structural metaphor]]与[[ontological metaphor]]直接的差别。我建议同学们仔细阅读这一个章节。

自256页开始，作者又提出：
“The division of metaphors into three types—orientational, ontological, and structural— was artificial. All metaphors are structural (in that they map structures to structures); all are ontological (in that they create target do-main entities); and many are orientational (in that they map orientational image-schemas).”

=应用=
作者提到，Conceptual Metaphor 已经被用到了：
poetry, law, politics, psychology, physics, computer science, mathematics, and philosophy. 
等领域。

==Metaphor as Imaginative Rationality==
从该书作者的视角来看，metaphor是一种[[imaginative rationality]]。p.193, p. 235。

==Conceptual Metaphor and Mathematical Mapping==
请见p.253的讨论，以及Lakoff的另一本著作：[[Where Mathematics comes from]]。


==Tools and Data Mapping==
As the following website advertises its capabilities:
 jMapper is a library made in Java that allows you to automatically detect metaphors/analogies between two domains (ontologies).
 
Please check it out for yourselves.
[https://student.dei.uc.pt/~racosta/jmapper/]