查看“《超越学科的认知基础》2015秋柯雨曦学习报告”的源代码


== 第一周 ==
注：上完第一节课，依然有些一头雾水的我还没弄清“学习报告”是什么就仓促地写了这篇小短文，诸位看过一笑置之就好。本文并无太多实际内容，多为本人感性的认识，权当练习英文写作了。总结一下，修这门课主要的目的是学习学习的方法，即掌握纷繁词汇背后的一些模式，也就是认知的“语法”；并在此基础上，学会利用一些工具掌握陌生领域的语汇。

'''Explicit Vocabulary and Implicit Grammar'''
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We have evolved into a species that live in a world of language we build ourselves, which is now splitting into numerous fragmented contexts. Phosphodiester bonds, traffic jams on Xuetang Road, socialism with Chinese characteristics, big data, metaphysics… All those phrases come flooding in, each belonging to a specific dictionary, representing a particular field with the range of vocabulary as its boundary. It is weird to see members from different dictionaries placed together. For instance, “Black-body radiation and Kung Pao Chicken” does not seem to make any sense. The territory of a discipline is getting more and more distinct and independent, and nonprofessionals are no longer able to wander around comfortably owing to the obstacle set by sophisticated vocabulary of that field. As a discipline grows in complexity, it possess an ever-growing, ever-specializing vocabulary without which understanding is made almost impossible, and expertise is pronounced in order to handle these jargons.

How, then, could we possibly rid ourselves of the danger of getting lost in an ocean of exclusive glossaries or being confined in a tiny little narrow field? 

Linguistic facts are illuminations of cognition foundation beneath them. If vocabulary is metaphor of an ideology, could there be a kind of corresponding “grammar” that underlies all cognitive activities? Is there rules that govern our thought no matter which discipline we are working in? I have faith in that grammar’s existence. Some of the rules I already know, but what these whole sets of rules look like I do not. Over the course I will definitely grasp the idea. 

One of these rules, probably among the simplest of all, is to interpret objects in a hierarchical order. Biologists talk about Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. This hierarchical chain divides life into categories and puts them in place. Meeting a single kind of life unrelated to this cognition map does not make biology; only after labeling it and absorbing it into the paradigm can science begin. The same is with other fields, even common sense. Ballpoint pens come in all shapes and colors, but we know that they all belong to one single category, that is ballpoint pens. Therefore, even if it is the first time I see a bizarre-looking ballpoint pen, I know I can write with it because this is characteristic of its category. Furthermore, ballpoint pens belong to a larger category that also includes pens, pencils, etc., and that larger category belongs to stationary. The list goes on and on, each category indicating some characters shared by all its members. By using hierarchical classifications, we bring order and meaning to objects so that we can understand them. The pattern is used everywhere, all that is changed is the name of categories while the structure remains the same, indicating universal cognition mechanism beyond it.

Difference between disciplines is evident as difference in usage of vocabulary, while the universal laws governing them is hidden behind. This course allows us to understand and edit dictionaries of an unfamiliar realm, and, most importantly, to catch a glimpse of these cognitive grammars. Vocabulary and grammar taken together, it is much easier to adapt to different new territories and make cross talks between disciplines happen.


== 第二周 ==
===推荐与分享===
各领域的入门小册子：推荐Oxford University Press出的''Very Short Introductory''系列，内容包罗万象。''Philosophy of Science''入门很不错，亲测有效。
===关键词===
[[量子力学]]   [[世界观与认知基础]]

===正文===

  这节课上，韩锋老师进行了对量子物理的简介。它代表着一种新的世界观，从原有世界观来看是极为奇怪的。但这种新的世界观更能够把握世界的真实，它终将被普遍接受而成为“正常”。

  之后的提问环节中出现了无法有效讨论的问题。如果没有受过量子力学方面的训练，不能很好地理解和掌握该领域的“词汇表”，交流也就容易流于空泛。仅通过看科普小视频认识的量子力学不是量子力学，一知半解下的讨论则易于滑入民科的池沼。虽然这是一个学科大交叉、跨学科交流愈加频繁的时代，但不可忽视的是，任何学科都有其准入门槛，尤其是自然科学。一个人要想进入这个领域，必须先接受其公认的范式，这个过程就是所谓的科学训练。训练需通过一定的形式，如严肃的课堂学习或是教科书的知识传授。不经此过程就用并未真正了解的概念谈宇宙谈人生谈所谓世界观，只能贻笑大方。
    
===关键人物===
====物理学家====
[[Albert Einstein]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein]
 Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist. He developed the general theory of relativity.Einstein's work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. Einstein is best known in popular culture for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2.  He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his "services to theoretical physics", in particular his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect, a pivotal step in the evolution of quantum theory.
[[玻尔]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr] 
[[薛定谔]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger]

====教师====
顾学雍
韩锋
帅天龙

===关键技术===
[[波粒二象性]][https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%B2%92%E4%BA%8C%E8%B1%A1%E6%80%A7]
[[非定域性关联]][http://baike.baidu.com/view/2940613.htm]

===关键组织机构或制度===
索尔维会议[http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=Q_QWPKIFW8okiIUbaEuv8D_ri6gKXhUM23uJo2yxZKfbovO1_X8DO9-JDfOmK1xDzRL3h9O3-wx4eCAa5RKAZa]

===参考文献===