查看“《超越学科的认知基础》2015秋赵益泉学习报告-第八周”的源代码

== 标题 ==


== 关键词 ==
''' '''

== 正文 ==
===[[P2P]]===
在上周的[[超越学科界限的认知基础课程|超越学科的认知基础课程]]的课堂讨论中，[[张世超]]同学提出了一个关于群体决策的[[架构]]，
 有可能构建一个意识的'''管道'''，使得群体在进行决策的时候，可以让每个人的想法都进入管道并在管道中流通，于是每个人都能接收到其他人的想法，当自己的想法与其他人的
 想法不一致的时候，他就很有可能选择部分让步与妥协，以促使形成群体中每个个体都认可的共同的协议。
张世超同学提出的这个架构让我联想到了[[P2P]]。

其实，张世超同学提到的'''“管道”'''，并不是她的架构中最核心的一个物件。“管道”的功能是让每个个体都了解其他个体的想法和意见，本质是消除中心的引入带来的信息不对等以及允许每个个体与其他个体的沟通保持通畅。于是去掉“管道”，我们发现P2P架构与张世超同学的架构是等价的，本质特点都是点对点的信息传递结构（即不是线性或“金字塔”层次结构，虽然P2P以及张世超同学的架构可能有线性或“金字塔”结构的某些部分）、平等的沟通、系统的反馈。所以我们可以把张世超同学的架构与P2P架构进行类比，也确实已经有人提出了类似张世超同学的架构，叫做[[Social peer-to-peer processes]]

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="8"|两种P2P架构的对比
|-
|
|Peer-to-peer file sharing
对等网络、点对点网络
|Social peer-to-peer processes
|-
|defination
概念
|the distribution and sharing of digital media using peer-to-peer (P2P) networking technology
是无中心服务器、依靠用户群（peers）交换信息的互联网体系
|interactions with a peer-to-peer dynamic, whether these peers are humans or computers.
|-
|background
|the increase of Internet bandwidth, the widespread digitization of physical media, and the increasing capabilities of residential personal computers
|the popularization of the P2P distributed computer application architecture
|-
|characteristics
特点
|1. 所有的客户端都能提供资源，包括带宽，存储空间和计算能力。因此，当有节点加入且对系统请求增多，整个系统的容量也增大。

2. 通过在多节点上复制数据，增加了防故障的健壮性。
|1. P2P processes are not structureless, but are characterized by dynamic and changing structures which adapt themselves to phase changes.
2. Its rules are generated from within.

3. It only fixed forced hierarchy, and accepts authority based on expertise, initiation of the project, etc. 

4. Communication is not top-down and based on strictly defined reporting rules, but feedback is systemic, integrated in the protocol of the cooperative system. 
etc.
|-
|Application (maybe in the future)
|In acadamic: acadamic P2P networks(for example, [http://www.careereducation.columbia.edu/findajob/lionshare LionShare])
|In the economy: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes#P2P_economic_system P2P economic system]
In politics: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance Open-source governance]
|}

== 参考资料 ==
1.课堂讨论：[[张世超]] [[清华学堂]]109  2015/10/4; 2:20—5:00pm

2. Wc.yooooo.us. 對等網路 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书.  2015. Available at: http://wc.yooooo.us/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%AD%89%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF#.E4.BE.9D.E4.B8.AD.E5.A4.AE.E5.8C.96.E7.A8.8B.E5.BA.A6. Accessed November 8, 2015.

3. Wikipedia. Social peer-to-peer processes.  2015. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes#Characteristics. Accessed November 9, 2015.

4. Wikipedia. Peer-to-peer file sharing.  2015. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer_file_sharing. Accessed November 9, 2015.